Amidst Sarawak’s vast green landscapes and unique agro-ecological diversity, the shift towards smart agriculture is no longer merely a glamorous option or a passing trend, but a pressing pragmatic necessity to ensure the sustainability of the food security sector.
Long-standing challenges plaguing this sector, such as the increasingly acute labour shortage, the unpredictability of climate change impacts, drastic increases in agricultural input costs, and uncertain harvest yields, have become primary catalysts driving farmers, policymakers, and technology providers to seek more efficient solutions.
Globally, this phenomenon is often referred to as the Fourth Agricultural Revolution, or Agriculture 4.0, in which the integration of digital technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), and robotics forms the backbone of productivity gains.
Sarawak is not immune to this current, as technology initiatives hold immense potential not only to increase yield per hectare but also to play a critical role in reducing water wastage and excessive chemical use through data-driven micro-decision-making processes.
However, in Sarawak, the question is no longer whether these technologies need to be adopted, but how they can be optimised to transform the agricultural production structure from subsistence farming to commercial-scale exports, thereby reducing the state’s dependence on food imports, which in 2023 alone reached RM8.2 billion, an increase from RM7.6 billion in 2022.
This figure not only burdens the state’s trade balance but also exposes the fragility of the local food supply chain.
In the past three (3) years, local paddy production has only been able to meet approximately 30 per cent of the state’s requirements, with an average yield of around 2.5 tonnes per hectare, far below the true potential of lands in areas such as Sri Aman and Tanjung Purun, which could achieve up to five (5) tonnes per hectare if managed with proper technology and irrigation systems.
When examining agricultural practices in Sarawak, a primary issue often encountered is the reliance of traditional smallholdings on purely experience-based practices or general rules that are no longer relevant to current environmental changes.
Traditional farmers often follow instinct or static planting calendars, whereas micro-local information regarding soil moisture levels or early pest attacks frequently escapes manual observation.
This situation is further exacerbated by significant infrastructure constraints, including unmanaged water networks, very limited storage capacity for produce, and inconsistent internet access in rural areas which directly hinders the digitalisation process.
Beyond physical factors, capital capability and digital literacy levels among Sarawak’s smallholder farming communities remain major barriers hindering the widespread adoption of these high-impact technologies.
Although national-level reports indicate increasing availability of technologies like drones and sensors, the reality is that adoption remains uneven and tends to be concentrated among large agribusiness corporations or pilot projects run by academic institutions.
Yet, herein lies Sarawak’s greatest opportunity: by leveraging the advantage of vast land resources across each of its 12 divisions, the state can drastically transform its agricultural structure.
For example, the Kuching and Serian Divisions hold significant potential for producing high-impact vegetables such as black pepper and terung bulu (terung asam), while the Sri Aman and Betong Divisions offer low-lying plains suitable for large-scale paddy cultivation with smart irrigation systems.
In the interior regions like the Kapit and Bintulu Divisions, technology-based agroforestry systems can optimise the production of durian, dabai, and isau.
Meanwhile, the Limbang and Lawas Divisions in northern Sarawak possess a unique advantage for producing animal feed corn and tropical fruits such as Honey Pineapple, which already enjoys high demand in the Brunei and Sabah markets.
Technological efficiency in the agricultural sector begins with its capacity to overcome the structural weaknesses that have long constrained food production in Sarawak.
Sensor technology and the Internet of Things (IoT) enable real-time monitoring of environmental parameters with a precision unattainable by manual observation.
When soil moisture sensors are installed in paddy-growing areas in the Sri Aman or Betong Divisions, these systems continuously transmit data to a digital platform analysed by artificial intelligence to determine the optimal irrigation schedule.
Consequently, irrigation is only activated when moisture levels fall below critical thresholds, saving up to 40 per cent of water compared to conventional methods.
In vegetable-growing areas in the Kuching and Serian Divisions, automated drip irrigation technology can supply water and nutrients directly to plant roots with precise rates, reducing fertiliser wastage by up to 30 per cent and increasing crop yields by between 20 and 50 per cent.
This efficiency not only significantly reduces production costs but also yields higher quality products because consistent water and nutrient pressure result in uniform fruits and vegetables in terms of size, taste, and shelf life, a critical factor for export markets demanding stringent standards.
At a broader operational level, the combination of data and automation is key to the effectiveness of smart agriculture in Sarawak.
The use of soil sensors that monitor moisture in real-time allows smart irrigation systems to function only when needed, where water pumps activate automatically as soon as moisture levels drop below critical thresholds.
This technology, if applied to paddy cultivation areas in the Mukah and Sarikei Divisions, has the potential to increase paddy yields by up to 40 per cent within three (3) seasons, thereby reducing dependence on rice imports from Peninsular Malaysia and abroad.
The use of agricultural drones equipped with multispectral cameras and smart spraying systems is revolutionising large-scale farm management.
In areas like the Mukah Division, which holds significant potential for commercial paddy cultivation, drones can monitor areas spanning hundreds of hectares in less than an hour, identifying zones experiencing water stress, pest attacks, or nutrient deficiencies through images invisible to the naked eye.
This data enables targeted interventions; for instance, pesticide spraying is carried out only in genuinely affected areas rather than blanket applications across the entire field.
This approach reduces chemical usage by 30 to 50 per cent, lowers input costs, and yields safer products that meet the certification standards of Good Agricultural Practices (GAP), a primary requirement for export markets such as the European Union and Japan.
Industry studies in Malaysia also note that using drones for fertiliser and pesticide spraying can reduce farmers’ exposure to hazardous chemicals while significantly improving application precision, achieving input cost savings of up to 30 per cent per season.
Furthermore, spraying drones can operate in areas difficult for human labour to access, such as the peat soil areas in the Miri Division used for pineapple cultivation, or hilly areas in the Limbang Division for corn cultivation, thus overcoming the increasingly acute labour shortage by drastically increasing productivity per worker.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning technologies enable more precise decision-making and more accurate yield predictions.
When historical data on weather, soil conditions, seed types, and management practices are collected over several seasons, AI models can forecast harvest yields with up to 90 percent accuracy, helping farmers and agribusinesses plan marketing strategies earlier and avoid losses from overproduction or supply shortages.
In Vietnam, integrating AI technology into rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta has helped farmers reduce production costs and significantly increase their incomes through data-driven irrigation practices.
In Sarawak, similar technology could be applied in black pepper cultivation in the Betong and Sri Aman Divisions, where data analysis can predict outbreaks of Fusarium wilt disease, a major threat, enabling preventative measures to be taken before the outbreak spreads widely.
This predictive capability is crucial for ensuring the consistency of export supply, as international buyers require assurance that product quantity and quality can be consistently met throughout the year.
Cold chain management and blockchain technology play critical roles in positioning Sarawak as a competitive food exporter.
A major weakness of Sarawak’s agricultural products in international markets is the post-harvest issue, where spoilage rates for fresh produce like fruits and vegetables can reach up to 30 per cent due to a lack of controlled-temperature storage and transport facilities.
Controlled Atmosphere Storage technology, equipped with IoT sensors, can extend the shelf life of fruits such as Bario durian, dabai, and isau up to three (3) times longer compared to conventional methods, enabling these products to reach distant markets like China, South Korea, and Europe in fresh condition.
Additionally, blockchain technology allows every stage in the supply chain, from seeds used, fertilisers, harvest dates, to packaging and shipping processes, to be recorded permanently and transparently.
Consumers abroad can scan a QR code on the packaging to learn about the origin of the product they purchase, providing assurance regarding quality, food safety, and sustainable agricultural practices.
This added value not only allows Sarawak’s products to be sold at premium prices but also builds a strong brand reputation in international markets.
Digital transformation enables the creation of more inclusive agricultural service models through a “Technology-as-a-Service” approach.
In China, the use of large-scale drone fleets has revolutionised rice cultivation in rural areas through a rental service model, where smallholder farmers, unable to afford advanced equipment, can themselves subscribe to monitoring and spraying services.
This model is highly relevant to Sarawak’s context, given that most agricultural operators in the state are smallholder farmers with capital constraints.
Through technology cooperatives formed at the divisional level, for example, the Agricultural Technology Cooperative for the Sibu Division or the Bintulu Division, farmers can access services such as drone rentals, soil sensors, and smart irrigation systems at affordable costs based on short-term contracts.
The state government, through substantial allocations including RM1 billion for large-scale irrigation projects, can play a facilitating role by providing basic infrastructure such as high-speed internet access in rural areas and technical training centres.
Research institutions, meanwhile, can provide training and technical support, while private technology companies act as service providers.
This approach lowers capital barriers, enabling smallholder farmers to enjoy the benefits of technology previously accessible only to large agribusiness corporations.
The World Bank has also emphasised that economies of scale and innovative financing are crucial elements for accelerating the adoption of digital technology in developing countries like Malaysia to achieve high-income economy status.
In Sarawak, this approach is particularly suitable given the workforce still prevalent in divisions such as Sibu and Bintulu, where smallholder farming communities possess deep traditional knowledge but have less exposure to modern technology.
Through continuous training programmes and technology cooperatives, this workforce can be empowered to become agricultural technology operators, thereby transforming rural socio-economic structures.
A relevant global comparison is the success of the Netherlands, which serves as an important example.
Despite having a much smaller land area compared to Sarawak, the Netherlands has become the world’s second-largest exporter of agricultural products using highly advanced greenhouse technology.
There, every environmental parameter is automatically controlled by artificial intelligence, an approach that aligns with the aspirations of the Sarawak State Government, which aims to become a major food exporter by 2030.
Initial evidence from pilot projects in Sarawak, as well as local news reports, has begun to show tangible benefits, such as improved precision in agricultural inputs and faster response times to crop disease threats.
However, this transformation requires more than just advanced hardware; it demands a socio-cultural paradigm shift among farmers.
Building trust in data over traditional experience requires consistent demonstration of results and the involvement of local pioneer figures who can act as ambassadors for this change.
Continuous training programmes, transparent market monitoring systems to ensure fair prices, and precisely targeted subsidy policies are crucial to ensure the digital divide between large operators and smallholder farmers does not widen further.
Sarawak needs to strengthen a multi-channel approach that combines fiscal incentives with digital skills training programmes specifically designed to meet the unique needs of rural farmers.
If this approach succeeds, Sarawak will not only achieve food self-sufficiency but will also become a major exporter in the ASEAN region.
Products such as Sarawak black pepper, already recognised internationally as a Geographical Indication (GI), have significant market potential in Europe and the United States, particularly in countries like Germany, France, and the Netherlands, which are major importers of high-quality spices with annual demand increasing by 12 per cent over the past three (3) years.
Sarawak black pepper produced through smart agricultural practices, with uniform quality in terms of taste, essential oil content, and purity levels, can penetrate premium markets where prices can reach up to RM60 per kilogram compared to RM20 per kilogram in the domestic market.
With blockchain technology guaranteeing product origin transparency, Sarawak black pepper also holds potential for obtaining organic and fair-trade certifications, which are highly valued by European consumers increasingly concerned with production ethics.
Honey Pineapple from Limbang Division is another export commodity with great potential. This pineapple has a unique sweetness (sugar content reaches 14 to 17 degrees Brix) and a crispy texture with a size suitable for individual packaging, potentially penetrating the premium markets in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Japan.
In Singapore, Sarawak Honey Pineapple has begun to find a place in upscale supermarkets like Cold Storage and Jason’s Market Place, with prices reaching RM18 to RM25 per fruit, compared to RM5 in the domestic market.
The Japanese market, known for its stringent quality standards for fruits, offers even greater potential, with premium pineapple prices potentially reaching up to RM50 each if Good Agricultural Practice (GAP) certification and a perfect cold chain can be achieved.
With controlled atmosphere storage technology extending pineapple shelf life up to three (3) weeks, consistent export via air freight to these markets becomes increasingly realistic.
Bario durian, originating from the highland areas of the Miri and Limbang Divisions, is a durian variety gaining increasing attention in the Chinese market.
Unlike the well-known Musang King durian, famous for its bittersweet taste and soft texture, Bario durian offers a unique tasting experience with a drier texture, moderate sweetness, and less pungent aroma, making it an attractive alternative for specific consumer segments in China.
The Chinese market, the world’s largest durian importer, recorded fresh durian import value exceeding USD6 billion in 2023, with annual growth of over 20 per cent.
Through smart cultivation technology that precisely controls fertilisation and irrigation, durian trees can produce fruit of uniform quality and more controlled harvest seasons, enabling more organised export planning.
The ASEAN Green Food Chain Initiative, promoted by China, opens significant opportunities for Bario durian to enter the Chinese market, subject to complete food safety certification and traceability.
With blockchain technology recording every stage of production, Bario durian can be marketed as a premium product at prices comparable to Musang King durian, which reaches RM80 to RM120 per kilogram in the Chinese market.
Meanwhile, isau, dabai, and terung asam have export markets yet to be fully explored in China and South Korea.
Dabai, often dubbed the “Sarawak olive”, has a unique flavour with an oily texture and is rich in antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids.
In South Korea, there is growing interest in exotic tropical fruits among younger consumers seeking new taste experiences, with tropical fruit import value increasing by 15 per cent year-on-year.
Taiwan, meanwhile, with its cultural and historical ties, shows consistent demand for exotic fruits from Borneo.
The primary challenge in exporting dabai and isau lies in their extremely short shelf life.
Dabai only lasts two (2) to three (3) days after harvesting before experiencing changes in taste and texture.
Controlled Atmosphere Storage technology can extend dabai’s shelf life up to two (2) weeks, enabling air freight to regional markets.
With vacuum packaging and integrated cold chain technology, dabai and isau can be marketed as premium fruits at competitive prices in international markets.
Leafy vegetables such as pucuk paku, a favourite among the Sarawak diaspora abroad, also hold significant export potential for diaspora markets in Singapore, Australia, and the United Kingdom.
In Singapore, the Sarawak diaspora numbering tens of thousands creates consistent demand for these traditional vegetables, with terung asam prices reaching up to SGD15 per kilogram.
In Australia, particularly in major cities like Sydney and Melbourne with large Malaysian communities, these tropical vegetables are sold at premium prices in Asian grocery stores.
Through small-scale vertical farming and hydroponic technology equipped with smart LED lighting, the production of these vegetables can be carried out consistently year-round without depending on seasons, achieving uniform quality free from pesticide contamination.
This technology also enables production near export markets through the “farm in a box” concept, reducing transport costs and ensuring product freshness.
Paddy and rice products also hold significant export potential, particularly aromatic rice varieties grown in highland areas such as Bario rice and Adan rice.
In international markets, aromatic rice from Southeast Asia, such as jasmine rice from Thailand and basmati rice from India, commands high demand and premium prices.
Bario rice, traditionally grown in the highland areas of the Miri Division, possesses a unique aroma and soft texture, making it a suitable candidate for marketing as premium rice in Japanese, South Korean, and European markets.
Through smart cultivation technology optimising water and fertiliser use, Bario rice yields, currently around only 2.5 tonnes per hectare, could be increased to five (5) tonnes per hectare, making commercial-scale export production more economical.
Organic certification and Geographical Indication (GI) status would serve as added value, enabling Bario rice to be sold at premium prices comparable to basmati rice, which reaches RM20 per kilogram in international markets.
Animal feed corn, with significant cultivation potential in the Limbang and Lawas Divisions, also offers export opportunities to the Brunei and Sabah markets.
Brunei, which relies on imported animal feed for its poultry industry, requires a consistent supply of corn with guaranteed quality.
Given its geographical border with Brunei, Sarawak possesses a competitive logistical cost advantage over suppliers from Peninsular Malaysia or other countries.
Through precision cultivation technology optimising fertiliser and water use, animal feed corn yields can be increased, and production costs reduced, enabling Sarawak to become a key supplier to the Brunei market and subsequently to Sabah and Kalimantan.
Hybrid coconut, suitable for cultivation in the peat soil areas of the Miri Division and coastal areas of the Lawas Division, represents another potential export commodity.
Coconut-based products such as coconut milk, virgin coconut oil (VCO), and coconut water are experiencing high demand in global markets, particularly in Europe and North America, driven by health awareness trends and demand for organic products.
With advanced post-harvest processing technology, coconut-based products from Sarawak can be marketed as value-added, premium products.
The European market, for instance, recorded virgin coconut oil imports valued at over EUR200 million in 2023, with annual growth of around eight (8) per cent.
Through blockchain technology ensuring transparency and traceability, Sarawak virgin coconut oil can obtain EU organic certification, allowing it to be sold at prices up to EUR15 per litre.
These export market potentials cannot be realised without strengthening digital infrastructure and comprehensive logistics networks across all 12 divisions of Sarawak.
Each division possesses unique resource advantages that can be optimised through technology to produce specific export commodities.
The Kuching and Serian Divisions, with their proximity to administrative centres and existing transport infrastructure, are suitable to become hubs for processing and packaging high-value products such as black pepper, pineapple, and premium vegetables.
The Sri Aman and Betong Divisions, with extensive low-lying areas and enhanced irrigation systems, have the potential to become export-scale aromatic rice production areas.
The Mukah and Sarikei Divisions, renowned for traditional agricultural activities, can become production centres for corn and cassava for the animal feed industry market.
The Sibu and Bintulu Divisions, with a substantial workforce and access to educational and research institutions, are suitable to become agricultural technology training and development hubs, as well as centres for value-added agricultural product processing.
The Miri and Limbang Divisions, with extensive highland areas and peat soil, offer significant potential for cultivating Bario durian, Honey Pineapple, animal feed corn, and hybrid coconut.
The Kapit Division, rich in forest products and traditional orchard crops, can leverage cold chain management and blockchain technology to market exotic fruits like isau and dabai to international markets.
The Lawas District in the Limbang Division, bordering Sabah and Brunei, holds a strategic advantage as an export gateway to the Borneo and Philippine markets, with significant potential in the production of hybrid coconut, tropical fruits, and animal feed corn.
The workforce in each division can also be empowered through digital training programmes specifically designed according to local needs to support export commodity production.
In divisions with a sizeable young workforce, such as Sibu and Bintulu, training programmes can focus on drone operation, IoT sensor maintenance, and agricultural data analysis to support the export product processing industry.
In divisions where most farmers are older, training programmes can place greater emphasis on using intuitive mobile applications and technology service models that do not require deep technical skills, enabling them to continue contributing to the production of export commodities like aromatic rice and pineapple.
The development of a “Technology-as-a-Service” framework and the strengthening of technology cooperatives are seen as the most inclusive solutions to ensure access to smart technology is not limited to the elite alone.
Furthermore, transparent impact measurement through the collection of data on water usage, cost savings, and yield changes must be conducted systematically and commercialised as tangible evidence to attract more private investment into Sarawak’s agri-food sector.
International statistics indicate that investment in agricultural technology yields high returns, not only financially but also in terms of food resilience and environmental sustainability.
As Sarawak shifts towards a greener, data-driven economy, these consistent measures will strengthen the state’s position as a key player in the regional food supply chain.
Although Sarawak is currently in a transitional phase full of challenges, promising initial results provide hope that this smart agriculture vision can be achieved.
With its vast land advantages across every division, for instance, the peat soil in the Miri Division is suitable for pineapple and hybrid coconut, the bris soil in the Samarahan Division is suitable for watermelon and chilli, and the valley soil in the Betong Division is rich in nutrients for paddy and corn, Sarawak possesses an agro-ecological diversity unmatched by other states.
The workforce, although facing challenges of urban migration, can still be optimised through digital empowerment programmes that make agriculture a high-tech, attractive income career choice.
The most sustainable long-term solution lies not solely in the sophistication of the technology itself, but in the ecosystem that supports it, encompassing appropriate policies, wise financing, relevant training, and comprehensive service structures.
In Vietnam, for example, the integration of sensor technology in rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta has helped farmers reduce production costs and significantly increase their incomes through data-driven irrigation practices.
This success demonstrates that when all elements within an agricultural ecosystem are aligned, a region can transform its economic landscape into something more sustainable, benefiting the entire community of operators.
Sarawak, with strong political commitment and substantial resource allocations, has a golden opportunity to become a model for smart agriculture in Southeast Asia, combining local wisdom with future technological sophistication.
However, constructive criticism should be raised that, to date, the implementation of smart agricultural technology remains overly reliant on small-scale pilot projects that do not comprehensively involve the 12 divisions with their specific needs.
For example, the digital infrastructure in the Kapit Division still lags far behind that of the Kuching Division, whereas the potential for forest products and orchard crops in that area is very high if marketed for export.
Therefore, future strategies must focus on strengthening digital infrastructure in the interior areas to ensure no farmer is left behind in this wave of transformation.
Stable internet connectivity enables IoT sensors to continuously transmit data to cloud platforms, allowing AI analysis to be performed in real-time to predict crop disease outbreaks before they spread widely.
The data collected is also highly valuable for financial institutions and insurance companies to assess risks and provide more competitive financial products to farmers, who have often been considered a high-risk sector.
This constitutes what is meant by a holistic digital agriculture ecosystem, where technology assists not only in the cultivation process but also in financing aspects and crop risk protection.
In the context of exports, Sarawak needs to capitalise on external markets that have already shown high interest in tropical products.
China, through the ASEAN Green Food Chain Initiative, has expressed interest in importing Bario durian and organic black pepper from Sarawak, subject to cold chain and digital certification requirements.
Similarly, the European Union market, which prioritises sustainable and traceable agricultural products, offers opportunities where blockchain technology can be used to guarantee product origin and environmentally friendly agricultural practices.
The estimated export value potential for Sarawak’s agri-food sector is projected to reach RM5 billion by 2030 if this technology transformation is implemented consistently and involves all 12 divisions in a balanced manner.
Overall, Sarawak’s journey towards smart agricultural productivity is a narrative of resilience and innovation in facing an increasingly challenging world reality.
By drawing lessons from global successes and adapting them to the local socio-economic context, Sarawak can propel its agricultural sector to higher levels.
The key lies in close collaboration between the public and private sectors, empowering farming communities through digital literacy, and an unwavering commitment to evidence-based and data-driven development.
When every drop of water used and every grain of fertiliser applied is guided by precise information, then productivity ceases to be merely a dream but becomes a reality that will bring prosperity to all Sarawakians for generations to come.
In assessing Sarawak’s true potential, we must not forget that the state possesses a unique advantage not found in most other regions: the diversity of land resources and workforce spread across each of its 12 divisions with distinct agro-ecological characteristics.
From the fertile alluvial soil in the Kuching Division, the peat soil in Miri, the highlands in Kapit, to the valley soil in Lawas, each division offers potential for different commodities.
With a workforce still strong in the agricultural sector, particularly in divisions such as Betong, Sarikei, and Sri Aman, technology transformation can be implemented gradually, prioritising high-value commodities suited to local advantages.
Sarawak does not need to become an exporter of all types of food; rather, by selecting key commodities such as aromatic rice, pepper, pineapple, and Bario durian, and using smart technology to ensure quality, quantity, and traceability, the state can create an international market niche that is not easily contested.
Therefore, what is needed now is not merely political will, but strategic, data-driven implementation that is inclusive of all divisions, ensuring that this smart agriculture transformation truly brings meaningful change from the northern tip in Lawas to the south in Lundu.
When every drop of water used, every grain of fertiliser applied, and every harvested product exported is guided by data and technology, then Sarawak’s dream of becoming a major food exporter by 2030 will no longer be just discourse, but a reality that will bring prosperity to all Sarawakians for generations to come.
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